The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences Advance Access originally published online on June 9, 2009
The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 2009 64B(Supplement 1):i38-i46; doi:10.1093/geronb/gbp037
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Measuring Social Isolation Among Older Adults Using Multiple Indicators From the NSHAP Study
1 Department of Sociology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
2 Department of Sociology, University of Chicago, Illinois
Address correspondence to Erin York Cornwell, PhD, Department of Sociology, Cornell University, 336 Uris Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853. Email: eyc46{at}cornell.edu
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Abstract |
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Objectives: The National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (NSHAP) data contain multiple indicators of social connectedness, social participation, social support, and loneliness among older adults. We suggest that these indicators can be combined to measure two aspects of social isolation: social disconnectedness (i.e., physical separation from others) and perceived isolation (i.e., feelings of loneliness and a lack of social support). We use the NSHAP data to create scales measuring social disconnectedness and perceived isolation and examine their distribution among older adults.
Methods: We assess the reliability of the scales using Cronbach’s alpha and item-total correlations and perform confirmatory factor analysis to test the model against the data. Finally, we test differences in scale means across subgroups to assess the distribution of social disconnectedness and perceived isolation among older adults.
Results: We find that 17 indicators combine into two reliable scales. The social disconnectedness scale has a two-factor structure, including the restricted social network dimension and the social inactivity dimension. The perceived isolation scale also comprises two dimensions: lack of support and loneliness. We find that social disconnectedness does not vary across age groups, but the oldest old feel more isolated than the young old. Social disconnectedness and perceived isolation are greater among those who have worse health.
Discussion: The creation of scales measuring social disconnectedness and perceived isolation provides one way to utilize the wide variety of indicators of social isolation collected in the NSHAP study. Although individual indicators of social connectedness or isolation are useful in their own right, these scales provide parsimonious, continuous variables that account for a variety of aspects of social isolation, which may be especially useful for inclusion in multivariate analyses predicting health outcomes.
Key Words: Loneliness • Social isolation • Social networks • Social participation • Social support
Received July 24, 2008; Accepted February 9, 2009